Posted by Keith Freund On November - 29 - 20094 COMMENTS
Well folks, 2009 is winding down and it’s been a great year for us and the blog. My only regret* is that I haven’t had time to post more stuff, from the greatpeoplewe’veworkedwithlately to finishing some of the drafts I’d contemplated for months.
For those of you who have emailed us or left comments, thank you. You let us know when we’re doing something right and call us out when we’re oh so wrong. On occasion we’ve written entire posts in response to your comments and emails.
Today I’d like to formally invite all our readers to give us some feedback. What do you want from the Fix Your Mix blog in 2010? Things you’d like to see more (or less) of, specific topic ideas, etc. Leave your thoughts in the comments or send an email to blog (at) fixyourmix.com
In other news, we’re finally taking the leap into the zany world of advertising. If you have something that would be valuable to our growing readership of musicians, songwriters, audio engineers, producers, and music industry folk, get in touch and we’ll talk numbers. All of our sponsors will be hand-picked. As our guinea pigs, we’ll give you a great deal. Don’t be shy, all you have to do is email us: ads (at) fixyourmix.com
-Keith
*My other regret is that our subscription page wasn’t working when our Single Ladies analysis hit the front page of Reddit. Ha. Lesson learned.
Posted by Keith Freund On November - 25 - 20091 COMMENT
Miss Geo is a Rhode Island-based singer songwriter. Her new album, The Story, is an excruciatingly (yes) catchy indie-pop record with clever lyrics and tons of stand out tracks. Check out “Broken Wrists”:
I’ve been meaning to feature Miss Geo for a few months now, not only because the music is killer, but because I want to talk about a lesser known service that we offer at Fix Your Mix called stem mastering. Stem mastering, sometimes also called stem mixing or separation mastering, is a hybrid between mixing and mastering. To explain how this works, I’ll tell you a little bit about how this record was made.
The Story was produced, engineered, and mixed by my good friend Rob Arbelo here in Boston. What I received from Rob was stereo “stems”–a single stereo track of drums, a stereo track of all the guitars combined, stereo vocals, bass, and a stereo track of synth/harmonies/noises combined. The benefit of mastering from stems is twofold:
You can’t always be sure exactly how mastering will affect a mix. Sometimes guitars get louder, the snare’s sustain increases, the kick gets lost in the chorus, etc. By effectively mixing and mastering at the same time, I was able to quickly and easily tweak basic levels and EQ while retaining the essential character of Rob’s mix.
One of the most often-cited benefits of mastering is an objective ear to lend fresh perspective to a mix. In my opinion, stem mastering is infinitely more valuable in this capacity than mastering alone.
I love working from stems, so if you’re a self-produced, DIY artist and want to mix it yourself without sacrificing the energy and clarity of a professionally mixed record, this may be the route to go. Or if you’ve spent months producing the hell out of someone else’s record and you’ve got a great mix that just needs a little tweaking, stem mastering will allow you to take a nice long nap while some other guy does the boring stuff!
UPDATE: We are now officially offering stem mixing at $80/song.
“Broken Wrists” was featured on Hype Machine yesterday and tons of people have been favoriting it, so if you like the song, heart/ReTweet this to bump Miss Geo up on the HypeM charts:
Key Signature: A minor, C Lydian Time Signatures: 3/4, 4/4, 6/8 Special Songwriting Devices Used: Three-bar phrases, Polymeter, Polyrhythm, Modal harmony Structure: Verse-Refrain-Verse-Refrain-C-D-C-D-C-Outro
Hover your mouse over terms underlined with dots (like this) for more information. If you’re following along with the album version rather than the video, subtract 5 seconds from any time stamps listed below to account for the video lead-in.
This blog mostly concerns itself with what can loosely be considered pop music, but today’s song violates what is perhaps pop’s most sacred and universal characteristic: structure. It’s not that “Ready, Able” has no structure, but it certainly isn’t your typical verse-chorus-verse. While a traditional pop song is designed to grab your attention and get to the hook ASAP, Grizzly Bear has no patience for people with no patience. And to those who wait, the payoff is that much sweeter.
A Narrative Of An Average Listener Experiencing This Song For The First Time (click to enlarge:)
“Ready, Able” starts with a sparse and confusing instrumental passage, which you eventually realize is part of the verse. Like the claymation monsters of the video that appear both happy and sad, you can’t tell whether to be scared by the droning, tribal mysteriousness of the rhythm section, or amused by the playful, almost upbeat vocal melody. You’re relieved to hear a chord–the first one in the song–at 0:42. This is the start of a new, more palatable section: the refrain.* Here Grizzly Bear builds anticipation for something that never comes. Right as the music sounds like it’s about to reach the tonic, the whole damn thing cuts back to the verse like a movie that ends on a cliffhanger, cutting to black at the most crucial moment. (And you still have no idea what “Rosebud” means…) Read more...
And now you’re brought right back into the verse. A push-and-pull dynamic is created with two different kinds of tension:
The verse draws its tension from rhythmic confusion, sparseness, and lack of harmony.
The refrain creates tension with full, but unresolved harmony.
After the second refrain, you are led to a surprising, but also cohesive and highly gratifying climax at 1:53 (the C section) which starts on an A minor chord and continues to build throughout the second half. It’s gratifying not only because of the lush production and arrangement elements that kick in, but because it took 2 damn minutes to get to the I chord! As shown in the image above, the music video works in the opposite manner. It starts off a little odd and then morphs into something truly bizarre. To better understand what’s so off about the verses, let’s go right into a rhythmic play-by-play:
Disclaimer: Phil pointed out to me that the verses of this song could be more succinctly written and understood as 12/8, rather than my more complicated explanation of calling it 3/4 and 4/4 (with the later sections in 6/8 half time). If you count the verses in 12/8, they begin to make a lot more sense. I instinctively heard this section in small beat groupings (possibly because of the odd rhythmic patterns and lack of a steady drum beat), however, so I’m keeping this section as is for the sake of posterity.
The verses consist of 24-beat phrases demarcated by a kick drum. It’s hard to tell what’s going on: the vocals don’t quite match up with the percussion and those harp glissandos seem to sneak up and jump out at you from behind the bushes when you least expect them to. What’s going on here?
What you’re hearing is called polymeter–the simultaneous use of 2 or more time signatures sharing a common pulse. The verses in “Ready, Able” juxtapose a 3/4 waltz (the vocals and harp) on top of 4/4 (percussion). In this case, the shared pulse is the duration of the quarter note. Only after 24 beats do both time signatures start their down beats at the same time.
24 is a good number for polymeter because it can be evenly divided by the most common beat groupings: 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8. As a consequence, these 24-beat phrases also transition nicely into the refrain in 6/8 at half tempo. Now let’s move on to polymeter’s evil twin sister: polyrhythm.
Two Types of Beat Divisions Simultaneously – Polyrhythm
Congratulations, you’re about to dive head first into the metaphorical deep end of music theory. Drummers and music nerds, get ready to geek out.
Polyrhythm is when two different kinds of beat divisions are used simultaneously (not to be confused with beat groupings–that’s polymeter). In Western music, beats are typically subdivided in half.** This type of division is called duple meter and looks like this:
One whole note = two half notes = four quarter notes = eight 8th notes = sixteen 16th notes = thirty-two 32nd notes
But there are other types of divisions, the most common of which is a triplet: when two beats are divided into three beats. For example, three 8th note triplets take up the same amount of time as two regular 8th notes.
During the C section (1:53), the lead synth (a Synclavier?) has a tremolo effect that creates 16th note tripets over the regular 16th notes of the other instruments. Here’s a simplified notation of this rhythm (click to enlarge):
UPDATE: I think it’s safe to say that this is an Omnichord, not a Synclavier.
Welcome to Polyrhythmville. And what’s really trippy is we’re in 6/8. While 6/8 rhythms are grouped in sets of 3, each beat is still normally subdivided by multiples of two. But here the total number of 16ths per measure is 18–you don’t see that number often in music–and all this on top of 12 beats–a concept so mindblowing that only underline and italics at the same time could possibly come close to expressing the insanity. Half way through the D section, we hear this pattern again with a lofi hi hat sample. We’re beginning to see the number 3 take shape as a major theme in this song: beats grouped in 3s, beats divided by 3, and finally, 3-bar phrases:
In pop music, chord progressions and phrases typically last 1, 2, 4, or 8 measures. Deviating from this is a great way to shake up your songwriting without venturing into odd time signatures, which often means sacrificing accessibility. It’s hard for the average music listener to dance or rock to something in 5/4 or 7/8,*** but they will have no problem dancing to 5- or 7-bar phrases in 4/4.
That being said, when great songwriters use a device like this there’s a reason for it, whether they’re aware of that reason or feel its effect intuitively. “Ready, Able” uses 3-bar phrases throughout most of the second half, providing two advantages:
Vibe: We’re expecting 4-bar phrases, so 3-bar phrases have a cyclical, hypnotic effect. It feels like the thought is not quite finished.
Lyrics: If the D section had 4-bar phrases, there would be a big empty space when the lyrics finish, or they would have had to write more lyrics and extend the melody. By using 3-bar phrases, Grizzly Bear is able to keep interest high while retaining their original lyrical and melodic idea.
But there’s a problem. In addition to being super weird and hip, these odd phrases are leaving people hanging. There seems to be no destination. Solution? A 4-bar phrase at the end of each section. Consider your thirst for finality quenched. There’s also an extra bar at the end of the refrain (normally 4-bar phrases) to make room for a IV-7 (D minor 7) which has a strong pull to I- in this case.
If you follow this blog, you’re already aware of the trend of rap songs without music. To the music snobs and hipsters frowning upon that concept, I am pleased to inform you that Grizzly Bear essentially does the same thing during the first verse of this song–there is no progression, only a vocal melody, lost in an enchanted forest of polymeter and the occasional harp gliss. But of course, context is everything. I doubt we’ll be seeing Ying Yang Twins comparisons any time soon.
“Wait’ll You See My D… minor 7.”
During the second verse, Grizzly Bear seems to have added a very faint guitar or bass on the note C. It seems that the key is now C major, the relative major from A minor. With the vocal melody notes included, the overall harmony of this section seems to be a single, but very colorful chord normally reserved for Jazz: Cmaj9(13) (C, E, G, B, D, A). In other words, every note in the key except F, which would be tension 11. 11 is usually considered an “avoid note” on a major 7 chord.
But listen again. There’s a drum tuned to F#, which would be the tritone of the C major. In the absence of a natural F, I’m prepared to say that we’re not in the relative major at all, we’re in C Lydian and the chord is Cmaj7 (9 #11 13), which includes every single note of the key signature. Lydian mode can be described as foreign and magical-sounding and the second verse of “Ready, Able” is no exception. This mode is often used by film composers for dream sequences. What’s even more bizarre is that the #11 drum is the lowest note in the section, making it sound especially dissonant. I wouldn’t call the chord an inversion though, because the drum comes on very weak beats.
Other than C and tension #11, the lead vocal provides every other note in this chord. Don’t get me wrong: not all melody notes should be considered part of a song’s essential harmony, but in this case the tensions (9 & 13) come on down beats at the beginning of the 8-bar vocal phrases, the strongest beats possible during this section.
For further reinforcement of this harmony, there’s a background harmony with 3, 9, and 7, and the harp hits 7 on its way down to 13. Also listen for faint pizzicato strings plucking between C and G, with a few interjections of perfect fourth dyads (DG and BE) for some exotic flavor. It’s also worth noting that based on the way these notes are stressed dynamically, the string arrangement sounds displaced by one beat–that is, its down beat begins one beat after the drums and palm-muted guitar. This gives the strings a light, playful feeling but also makes them sound somewhat detached from the rest of the music.
As stated earlier, the refrains create tension by never landing on I-. It’s also worth noting that the vocal melody single-handedly changes the chord progression with a major 6 interval on F, creating a second inversion D minor chord.
The C and D sections use one of my favorite progressions: I-, V-, IV- (see also: “My Love” by Justin Timberlake and “Ayo Technology” by 50 Cent). As I talked about in my Kanye analysis, the V minor usually sounds peculiar in a pop context, but it sounds at home in “Ready, Able.”
I was unable to find good guitar tab or piano transcriptions for this song online, so this will get you started if you’re a Grizzly Bear fan and want to cover this for YouTube:
“Ready, Able” Chords – Simplified For Rhythm Guitar & Piano (See our chord abbreviation guide for help with this section.)
Verse 1: C (single note only) Refrain: F, Fmaj7, to E- (plus D-7 during last measure) Verse 2: Cmaj7(no5) C section: A-, E-, D- (pianists: start on A-/E) D section: A-, E-7, D-7
“Ready, Able” Chords – Full Harmony
Verses: Cmaj9(13) Refrain: F, D-/F, Fmaj7, D-/F, to E-7 (plus D-7 during last measure) C Section: A-, E-add11, D- D section: A-9, E-7, D-7(13) (add tension 11 to these chords when the string quartet comes in)
“Ready, Able” Chords – Functional Analysis
Verse 1: Imaj9(13) Refrain: VI, IV-/3, VImaj7, IV-/3, to V-7 (plus IV-7 during last measure) C Section: I-, V-add11, IV- D section: I-9, V-7, IV-7(13) (add tension 11 to these chords when the string quartet comes in)
This concludes my analysis. If you’ve read this far, you’re probably an ultra music nerd like me and for that I salute you. I might be imagining or missing some of tensions, so if you hear anything different or disagree with my analysis, feel free to leave a comment.
*While some sources refer to choruses and refrains interchangeably (Wikipedia included), but there is a difference. I’m calling this section a refrain because it sounds like an extension of the verse music, whereas choruses typically either repeat the verse music with more production elements, or introduce an entirely new idea altogether. This section is fairly long for a refrain, but more importantly the movement is not harmonically strong enough to be a chorus.
**With the very notable exception of swing and shuffle grooves.
***In some cultures, dancing to odd meters is commonplace (Indian and Greek music, for example).
BONUS: In case you were wondering how much meth I had to smoke to write something this long, there’s method to the madness of those harp glisses:
During the instrumental portions of the verses, they come on beat 2 of the 5th and 7th measures of the phrase.
During the vocal portions of the verses, they come on beat 3 of the 3rd and 7th measures of the phrase.
Some musical terms are so basic and widely used that we never stop to ask ourselves: “Hey, what is a measure? What is a riff? What is a phrase? What’s the difference between a bar and a measure?” This article should answer all of those questions for you and more.
Summary: • Bar = measure • Phrase = long(-ish) musical idea • Motif = short musical idea • Riff = lick
Bars & Measures
A bar is the same thing as a measure. What determines the length of a measure can vary depending on the time signature of a song, but generally speaking you’re going to be able to tell by the snare pattern. For most pop applications, you’ll be dealing with either 4/4 or 6/8 time.
In almost every song in 4/4 time, there will be 2 snare drum hits per measure. These hits indicate beats 2 and 4. This is called a back beat. In addition to the back beat, there will often be snare accents, but they will not feel as strong as the snare hits on beats 2 and 4. The back beat is so universal that it almost seems silly to provide examples, but here are a couple for your reference.
In the first example, each measure is almost twice the length of time of a measure from the second song. In other words, the tempo of the second song is considered about twice as fast and you can tell because of how often the back beat repeats. For hip-hop, claps and snaps may provide the back beat rather than a snare drum.
In a 6/8 song, the strongest snare hit comes only once per measure, on beat 4. Take D’Angelo’s “Untitled (How Does It Feel?)” for example:
Some people think a measure is just the time in which a chord progression or musical idea repeats, but in fact what they’re really thinking of is called a phrase.
Phrases
Phrases are mysterious creatures. The most basic definition is a musical idea. Doesn’t really explain anything, does it? Well that’s because a phrase can be just about anything. They don’t even necessarily have to be repeated. Songs can have phrases within phrases within phrases. To understand phrases, you just have to learn by example.
It can be daunting to understand what constitutes a phrase in Classical or Jazz context, but when talking about pop music it’s a little more intuitive–generally we’re talking about a section of a song with a chord progression, usually one that repeats. For example, the introduction to “Learn To Fly” by Foo Fighters uses 4-bar phrases:
If you play in a rock or pop band, using the term “phrases” is often much more useful than talking in measures: “Hey, I love that lick you play at the end of every other phrase” is much more concise and less awkward than “Hey, I love that lick you play at the end of every 8-bar section.”
Motifs
A motif is any short, repeated pattern. Usually both the melody and rhythm of this pattern are repeated–also known as a lick or a riff. If you have a motif which is purely rhythmic, it can be called a “rhythmic motif”.
“Today” by Smashing Pumpkins uses a 1-bar guitar riff:
Note: this post requires a basic knowledge of intervals.
To understand why some chords have intervals of 9, 11, and 13, read our explanation of tensions.
This post will give you abbreviations for the most common chords we’ll be dealing with in our Compositional Analysis series. While some of the naming conventions and rules are confusing, this list should get you started. Also note that our analyses usually use Roman numerals instead of note names (e.g. C minor 7 in the key of C would be written I-7). This is called ‘functional analysis.’
Sample:
How the chord is written … Full chord name … Notes in the chord, listed by intervallic relationship with the root of the chord. These notes can be in any order.*
*See inversions below.
Triads:
G … G major … 1, 3, 5 (i.e. G, B, D)
G- … G minor … 1, b3, 5
Gº or Gdim … G diminished … 1, b3, b5
G+ or Gaug … G augmented … 1, 3, #5
Gsus2 … G suspended 2 … 1, 2, 5
Gsus4 … G suspended 4 … 1, 4, 5
Seventh Chords:
Gmaj7 … G major 7 … 1, 3, 5, 7
G-7 … G minor 7 … 1, b3, 5, b7
G7 … G dominant 7 … 1, 3, 5, b7
Gmaj9 … G major 9 … 1, 2, 3, 5, 7
Gmaj9/13 … G major 9 with 13 … 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7
G9 … G dominant 9 … 1, 2, 3, 5, b7
G-9 … G minor 9 … 1, 2, b3, 5, b7
G-11 … G minor 11 … 1, 2, b3, 4, 5, b7,
G-13 … G minor 13 … 1, 2, b3, 4, 5, 6, b7
Gø7 … G half diminished 7 … 1, b3, b5, b7
Gº7 … G fully diminished 7 … 1, b3, b5, 6
Other Common Chords:
G5 … G with no third (guitarists: a power chord) … 1, 5
Gmaj7(no3) … G major 7 no third … 1, 5, 7
Gadd9 or G2 … G add 9 … 1, 2, 3, 5
G6 … G major 6 … 1, 3, 5, 6
G69 … G69 … 1, 2, 3, 5, 6
Inversions:
G/3 or G/B … G major first inversion … 1, 3, 5 – 3rd must be the lowest note
G/b3 or G/Bb … G minor first inversion … 1, 3, 5 – 3rd must be the lowest note
G/5 or G/D … G major second inversion … 1, 3, 5 – 3rd must be the lowest note
Things To Know…
When referring to a note or Roman numeral, the sharp (#) and flat (b) symbols come after the note or Roman numeral they are modifying.
When referring to a pitch interval, the sharp (#) and flat (b) symbols come after the number they are modifying.
These chord symbols are used by musicians and scholars trained in Jazz (and Pop). The Traditional/Classical school of thought uses a different nomenclature.
If you find a chord that is written (chord)/(note other than a chord tone), it’s not an inversion, it’s a polychord, which means you should play both chords simultaneously, with the top chord above the bottom chord. For example, a C/F chord is a C major chord with the note F in the bass.
For a more extensive list of chords, check Wikipedia: Types of Chords (they actually did a pretty good job with this one).
Note: this post requires a basic knowledge of intervals.
A chord tension is any note in a chord that is not considered integral to the chord (the integral notes are called ‘chord tones’). Tensions are also referred to as ‘added colors’ or ”non-chord tones’ (I try to avoid using the latter term because means something different in Traditional/Classical harmony).
There are only three possible tensions: 9, 11, and 13 (in other words: 2nds, 4ths, and 6th, respectively). But these notes are not considered tensions on every chord–the only way to know for sure is to have a good knowledge of chords (to get started, read our article on chord abbreviations). These tensions may also be modified by a # (sharp) or b (flat).
Chord tensions are written up an octave (by adding 7 to the interval number) because chords can sound muddy or cluttered if the note intervals are too close together. Tensions tend to come in between chord tones, so these notes are often placed in higher octaves to keep things clean (not to say that chord tones are usually all within one octave-they aren’t). The only exception that comes to mind is that a Cadd9 chord (C major chord with a major 2nd added) is sometimes written C2.
TRENDWATCHRead and discuss the latest musical trends and comebacks.
THEORY LESSONSEasy-to-understand music theory concepts and terms.
CLIENT FEATURESHear and read about some of our latest projects.
Also look out for our week-long series: SONIC DECONSTRUCTIONWe breakdown one tune for an entire week from start to finish: beginning with the songwriting and arrangement and ending with a full analysis of the mix and master!
Well folks, 2009 is winding down and it’s been a great year for us and the blog. My only regret* is that I haven’t had time to post more stuff, from the great people we’ve worked with lately to finishing some of the drafts I’d contemplated for months.
